Century XX

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Académie internationale d'héraldique; 1999

Académie internationale d'héraldique, AIH, «Mémorial du Jubilé, 1949-1999», 201 páginas, 1999.

Pages 2 and 3 of Mémorial du Jubilé, 1949-1999

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Report and French language.

The author is Académie internationale d'héraldique.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

External link:

Internal resources: Aih1999.Memorial.pdf.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Arco y García, F. del; 1996a

Fernando del Arco y García, «Introducción a la Heráldica», 142 pages, Collection Burgundy Pursuivant, edited by Prensa y Ediciones Iberoamericanas SL, printed by Gráficas Joma, Legal deposit M-5240, ISBN 84-86568-64-1, Madrid, 22nd of february of 1996.

2 pages about different kinds of mottos

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Arco y García, Fernando del.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Arco y García, F. del; 1996b

Fernando del Arco y García, «Método de blasonar», 75 pages, Colección Perseverante Borgoña, edited by Ateneist Group of Vexilological, Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, printed by Gráficas Joma, Legal deposit M. M-5240, ISBN 84-606-2768-3, Madrid, 1996.

Fernando del Arco y Garcia, The method of writing blazons, 1996

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white and Castilian language.

The author is Arco y García, Fernando del.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Atienza y Navajas, J. de; 1959

Julio de Atienza y Navajas, Baron of the Cobos de Belchite, «Nobiliario Español: Diccionario Heráldico de Apellidos y Títulos», 1st edition, edited by Aguilar, 1,712 pages, Madrid, 1959.

1<sup>st</sup> edition of 1959

It is a monumental work that includes a heraldic dictionary and blazons of Spanish lineages and noble titles, along with the history and genealogy of thousands of Spanish families.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language, In black and white and De bibliotheca.

The author is Atienza y Navajas, Julio de.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Becher, C.; Gamber, O.; 1986

Ingeram-Codex der ehem, Bibliothek Cotta, Volume 1

Charlotte Becher and Ortwin Gamber, «Die Wappenbücher Herzog Albrechts VI. von Österreich: Ingeram-Codex der ehem, Bibliothek Cotta, Volume 1», editado por Böhlau Verlag Wien, 178 pages, ISBN 3-205-05002-9 y 978-32-05050-02-5, Vienna, Cologne, Graz, 1986.


Dedicated exclusively to the study and analysis of the armorial [Ingeram, H.; 1459].


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The 2 authors are Becher, Charlotte and Gamber, Ortwin.

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Burke, B.; 1989

Sir Bernard Burke, C. B., LL. D., Ulster King of Arms, «The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time», edited by Heraldry Today, printed by Redwoods Books, 1185 pages and an initial supplement with 130 pages, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 1989.

edited by Heraldry Today, printed by Redwoods Books

Its first edition was [Burke, B.; 1842].


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white and English language.

Author: Burke, Bernard.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

Internal resources: Paper edition.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Cadenas y Vicent, V. de; 1975

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Dean King of Arms, «Fundamentos de Heráldica (Ciencia del Blasón)», Instituto Salazar Castro (C. S. I. C. Higher Center for Scientific Research), edited by Ediciones Hidalguía, 212 pages, Madrid, 1975.

Edition of 1994, Dean King of Arms

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: In black and white.

Author: Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Cadenas y Vicent, V. de; 1987

Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Dean King of Arms, «Repertorio de blasones de la comunidad hispánica», Instituto Salazar Castro (C. S. I. C. Higher Center for Scientific Research), edited by Ediciones Hidalguía, printed by Gráficas Arias Montano, S. A., Móstoles, 2nd edition, ISBN of the complete work 84-00-06642-1, Legal deposit of the complete work M.31.950-1987, Madrid, 1987.

Repertorio de blasones de la comunidad hispánica, covers

4 volumes and 1 apendix

  • Volume I, contains the surnames that begin with the letters A, B, C & CH, and ISBN of this volume I 84-00-06643-X.
  • Volume II, contains the surnames that begin with the letters D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L & LL, and ISBN of this volume II 84-00-06044-8.
  • Volume III, contains the surnames that begin with the letters M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q & R, and ISBN of this volume III 84-00-06645-6.
  • Volume IV, contains the surnames that begin with the letters S, T, U, V, W, X, Y & Z, and ISBN of this volume IV 84-00-06646-4.
  • Apendix I, contains other surnames not included in the previous volumes, and ISBN of this apendix I I 84-00-05912-3.
Repertorio de blasones de la comunidad hispánica, inner

Example, Uranzu in the volume VI

pages 1,726 and 1,728, Uranzu its 5 blazons

The volume IV has 454 pages numbered from 1525 to 1979. This is my translation for the 4th coat of arms of the 5 blazons of surname «Uranzu» described on pages 1,726 and 1,728 of this volume IV (see in the previous image of the original blazon).

Party per pale:
1 Gules,
the base,
wavy Argent and Azure, on them,
a Galleon with eight Cannons per band,
nine Galleys,
seven Galiots,
five Fustas, and
a Brigantine sailing,
the Ships, their Masts and Strings all Or,
the Galleon with Sails Argent,
the other Ships with Sails lowered Argent,
in chief,
an imperial eagle Sable, flying towards the galleon;
2 Argent,
a lion rampant Gules,
with its rear Paws on an Anchor Azure
lying to the sinister Flank,
holding in its fore Paws a Flagpole Vert with
three Flags,
Azure, three Fleurs de lis Or, ordered,
Azure, two Bends Or,
Gules, a plain Cross Argent,
between
four smalls Anchors Sable with Cables Gules.
Within a Bordure Or, sixteen Saltires Gules.

Surname Uranzu, coat of arms and parallel blazons

Although I am not sure of the reality of this coat of arms, I have made a) in Spanish a simplification and b) its translation in parallel to English. I assume that in the 2nd flag the Fleurs de lis in triangle are 3 and they are ordered. Although I am not sure of the reality of this busy coat of arms, I can't found a painted version, I have made a) a simplification of its Spanish blazon and b) its translation in parallel to English. I assume that in the 2nd flag the Fleurs de lis in triangle are 3 and they are ordered. The colors of the text in the images lets an easy reading and show the blazon structure. There are in this coat of arms 1+9+7+5+1 = 23 ships.

Currently the National Institute of Statistics of Spain (I. N. E.), about the surname «Uranzu» answer that «there are no inhabitants with the surname consulted», neither 1st nor 2nd surname, «or its frequency is less than 5 for the national total».


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Black and white with color plates.

Author: Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

External resources:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Chaparro D'Acosta L.; 1979

Lino Chaparro D'Acosta, «Heráldica de los Apellidos Canarios», foreword by Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, 2 volumes, Volume I from A to L, 285 surnames, 293 pages, Volume II from M to Z and a heraldic dictionary, 387 surnames, 439 pages, edited by Estudios Tecnicos del Blason, ISBN of the complete work 84-300-2000-4, ISBN of Volume I 84-300-1989-8, ISBN of Volume I II 84-300-418010-8, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1979.

Vert, nine poplar leaves ordered, in chief a «T» letter Or

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Black and white with color plates and Castilian language.

Author: Chaparro D'Acosta, Lino.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 1995

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 1st, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 419 pages, 44 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1995.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 1996

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 2nd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 396 pages, 89 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1996.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 1997

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 3rd, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 480 pages, 116 pictures, 2 maps, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1997.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External link:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 1998

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 4th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 450 pages, 135 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1998.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 1999

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 5th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 484 pages, 124 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 1999.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

Author: Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Emblemata; 2000

Baron of Valdeolivos Emblematic Chair, of the Fernando el Catolico Institution, of the Centre of Scientific Research (C. S. I. C.) and of the Government of Zaragoza, «Emblemata», Volume 6th, Emblemata Aragonese Magazine about Emblems (E. R. A. E.), 419 pages, 124 pictures, ISSN 1137-1056, Legal deposit Z.3.937 1996, printed by the Cooperativa de Artes Gráficas Librería General, Zaragoza, 2000.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Magazine and Castilian language.

The author is Cátedra de Emblemática Barón de Valdeolivos.

External resources:

Internal resources: Emblemata2000.Volumen06.pdf.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Ferrer i Vives, F.; 1995

Francesc d'A Ferrer i Vives, «Heraldica Catalana», 3 volumes, Volume I A-F, Volume II G-P, Volume III Q-Z, ISBN of the complete work 84-7304-204-2, Legal Deposit B.20.464 - april 1995, Editorial Milla, Carrer de Sant Pau 21, Barcelona, 1995.

Poumola lineage, Volume II, page 362

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Catalan language and In black and white.

The author is Ferrer i Vives, Francesc d'A.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

Internal resources: Paper book.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

García Carraffa, A.; García Carraffa, A.; 1968

Alberto García Carraffa y Arturo García Carraffa, with the colaboration of Armando de Fluviá y Escorsa, «El Solar Catalán, Valenciano y Balear», 4 volumes, Volume I Abad-Cebrián, 443 pages, Volume II Celma-Malda, 449 pages, Volume III Malendric-Quirant, 425 pages, Volume IV Rabasa-Zenarbe y apéndice, 516 pages, 1st edition, Heraldic Collection, edited by Librería Internacional, San Sebastián, 1968.

First edition, Heraldic Collection, 1968

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white with color plates.

Authors: García Carraffa, Alberto and García Carraffa, Arturo.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

Internal resources: Paper book.

Separador heráldico
Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

GDLC; 1998

Various authors, «Gran diccionari de la llengua catalana», known as GDLC, Enciclopèdia Catalana, Diccionaris de l’Enciclopèdia, ISBN 84-412-2790-X Barcelona, 1998.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and Catalan language.

Author: Various authors.

Bibliographical reference mentioned in the following article:

External resource:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

González Echegaray, M. C.; 1969

Coat of arms of Cantabria

Maria del Carmen González Echegaray, «Escudos de Cantabria», 5 volumes, Volume I Merindad de Trasmiera, 376 pages, Volume II, Asturias de Santillana I, 474 pages, Volume III, Asturias de Santillana II, 388 pages, Volume IV, Asturias de Santillana y Bajo Asón, 434 pages, y Volume V, Valle de Sobra, Ruesga, Pas, Liendo, Guriezo y Provincia de Liébana, 314 pages, Legal deposit: Vi. 514-1969, edited by Joaquin Bedia Cano, Santander, printed by H. Fournier, Vitoria, 1969.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and In black and white.

Author: González Echegaray, Maria del Carmen..

External links:

Internal resources: GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.11.EscudosCantabria, Volume I Merindad de Trasmiera, 34 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.12.EscudosCantabria, Volume II, Asturias de Santillana I, 31 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.13.EscudosCantabria, Volume III, Asturias de Santillana II, 26 Mbytes, GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.14.EscudosCantabria, Volume IV, Asturias de Santillana y Bajo Ason, 22 Mbytes and and GonzalezEchegarayMC1969.15.EscudosCantabria, Volume V, Valle de Sobra, Ruesga, Pas, Liendo, Guriezo y Provincia de Liebana, 18 Mbytes.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Guimera López, C.; 1987

Coriolano Guimera López, «El Conde de Mora y la Heráldica», Hidalguía Magazine, numbers 202 and 203, Ediciones Hidalguía, Madrid, 1987.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Guimera López, Coriolano.

External link:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Messía de la Cerda y Pita, L.; 1990

Luis Messía de la Cerda y Pita, «Heráldica española, el diseño heráldico», illustrated in color by Calusa y Tete Messia de la Cerda y Gabeiras, edited by Aldaba Ediciones SA Madrid, 1990.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language and Black and white and color illustrations.

Author: Messía de la Cerda y Pita, Luis.

Internal resources: Paper book.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Mogrobejo Zabala, E. de; 1991

Endika de Mogrobejo Zabala, «Blasones y Linajes de Euskalerria», 10 volumes, Volume I A-Alcerreca, Volume II Alciba-Angui, Volume III Angulo-Astu, Volume IV Astun-Bun, Volume V Busta-Elua, Volume VI Elus-Gorniz, Volume VII Gordu-Laca, Volume VIII Lacar-Merca, Volume IX Mere-Salez, Volume X Salinas-Z, edited by Editorial Amigos del Libro Vasco, printed by Grafo SA, ISBN of the complete work 84-7886-026-6, Legal Deposit BI-469-1991, Bilbao, 1991.

Coats of arms of Aristegui lineage emblazoned by me: ancient and for Oñate y Chile

Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Black and white with color plates and Castilian language.

The author is Mogrobejo Zabala, Endika de.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Nieto y Cortadellas, R.; 1957a

Rafael Nieto y Cortadellas, «La Generala Santander y sus parientes habaneros los Pontón», 35 pages, 25 centimeters, about the family Sáenz del Pontón, National Archive of Cuba, reprinted edition by the National Archive Bulletin, volume LVI, 1957.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Castilian language.

Author: Nieto y Cortadellas, Rafael.

The following article cites this bibliographic reference:

External resources:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Parker, J.; 1970

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by F and W Media International Limited, formerly known as David and Charles Publishers, Exeter, Devon, 1970.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The author is Parker, James.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Parker, J.; 1971

James Parker, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vermont, 1971.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

The author is Parker, James.

The following articles cite this bibliographic reference:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Parker, J.; Gough, H.; 1966

James Parker, Henry Gough, «A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, a New Edition with one Thousand Illustrations», XXVIII and 660 pages with pictures, reprinted by Gale Research Company, Detroit, 1966.


Reprints

This book is a reprint of [Parker, J.; 1894], it maintains the number of pages, I do not know what Henry Gough contributed as an author, in some places Henry Gough is the first author, in others he is named as the sole author, I write his name as 2nd author.

There are, at least, 2 addional paper reprints: [Parker, J.; 1970; David and Charles Publishers] and [Parker, J.; 1971; Charles E. Tuttle Co], and many digital versions.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Classification: Dictionary and English language.

Authors: Parker, James and Gough, Henry.

Bibliographic reference mentioned in the following articles:

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Pastoureau, M.; 1997

Michel Pastoureau and Francisca Garvie, «Heraldry: Its Origins and Meaning», New Horizons collection, edited by Thames and Hudson, London, 1997.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Pastoureau, Michel.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Rabbow, A.; 1999

European origin three lions ~ Origen europeo tres leones

Arnold Rabbow, «The Origin of the Royal Arms of England - a European Connection», Coat of Arms, COA, An Heraldic Quarterly Magazine, número 186, The Heraldry Society, Baldock, Hertfordshire, verano de 1999.


This bibliographical reference is illustrated wit the coat of arms of the Kingdom of England interpreted by me with the with a semi-circle shape.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Rabbow, Arnold.

External link:

Internal resources: RabbowA1999.OriginRoyalArmsEnglandEuropeanConnection.docx.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Rowling, J. K.; 1997

J. K. Rowling, «Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone», London Bloomsbury, London, 1997.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Rowling, Joanne.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Sevilla Gómez, A.; 2000

Antonio Sevilla Gómez, «Las paremias heroicas: la divisa, el lema y el mote», Paremia Magazine, number 9, pages 75 to 80, Madrid, 2000.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

The author is Sevilla Gómez, Antonio.

External resource:

Internal resources: SevillaGomezA2000.DivisaLemaMoteGritoGuerra.pdf.

Separador heráldico
Escudo de Castilla y León Libro abierto, hojas de plata, filo de oro, guardas de gules, tapas de sable.

Sánchez Albornoz, C.; 1965

Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, «La auténtica batalla de Clavijo», Cuadernos de Historia de España, number 9, Buenos Aires, 1948.


Bibliographical reference of century XX.

Author: Sánchez Albornoz, C..

External resource:

 

Dr. Antonio Salmerón y Cabañas,
,
Paseo de la Castellana 135, 7th floor,
28046 Madrid, Spain.